Иностранный язык – страница 9
1 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос
Why is it necessary to delete any errors caused by noise?
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос
Why is it necessary to delete any errors caused by noise?
2 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
The use of digital compact disc is more advantageous for the purity of sound.
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
The use of digital compact disc is more advantageous for the purity of sound.
3 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Определите основную идею текста.
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Определите основную идею текста.
Radio is the transmission of signals by _________ of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light.
7 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Какое из предложенных утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Какое из предложенных утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.
8 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Какое из предложенных утверждений не соответствует содержанию текста.
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Какое из предложенных утверждений не соответствует содержанию текста.
9 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Ответьте на вопрос
What is the difference between the right of audience of barristers and solicitors?
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Ответьте на вопрос
What is the difference between the right of audience of barristers and solicitors?
10 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Определите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос
What do people think about the distinction between barristers and solicitors?
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Определите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос
What do people think about the distinction between barristers and solicitors?
11 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
If a person wants to make a will the best man to advise him is a solicitor.
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
If a person wants to make a will the best man to advise him is a solicitor.
12 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Определите основную идею текста.
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
Определите основную идею текста.
The system by which a person found guilty of a crime is not sent to prison, but is legally required to report regularly to an official for a fixed period of time is called …
14 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
What is law?
1. The English word "law" means various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive − they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive.
2. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens.
3. Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with us. The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.
4. However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone - such as when young children commit crimes, or when certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.
Какое из предложенных утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.
What is law?
1. The English word "law" means various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive − they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive.
2. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens.
3. Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with us. The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.
4. However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone - such as when young children commit crimes, or when certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.
Какое из предложенных утверждений соответствует содержанию текста.
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What is law?
1. The English word "law" means various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive − they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive.
2. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens.
3. Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with us. The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.
4. However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone - such as when young children commit crimes, or when certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.
Какое из предложенных утверждений не соответствует содержанию текста.
What is law?
1. The English word "law" means various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive − they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive.
2. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens.
3. Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with us. The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.
4. However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone - such as when young children commit crimes, or when certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.
Какое из предложенных утверждений не соответствует содержанию текста.