Иностранный язык – страница 88
1 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
A microwave oven
1. A microwave oven works by passing non-ionizing microwave radiation, usually at a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz (a wavelength of 12.24 centimetres), through the food. Microwave radiation is between common radio and infrared frequencies. Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.
2. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electromagnetic field of the microwaves. This molecular movement represents heat which is then dispersed as the rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion.
3. Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on fats and sugars (which have a smaller molecular dipole moment), and also more efficient than on frozen water (where the molecules are not free to rotate). Microwave heating is sometimes explained as a resonance of water molecules, but this is incorrect: such resonance only occurs in water vapor at much higher frequencies, at about 20 GHz.
4. A common misconception is that microwave ovens cook food from the "inside out". In reality, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of food in a manner somewhat similar to heat from other methods. The misconception arises because microwaves penetrate dry non-conductive substances at the surfaces of many common foods, and thus often induce initial heat more deeply than other methods. Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast to infrared or convection heating, which deposit heat thinly at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating better.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
Определите основную идею текста.
A microwave oven
1. A microwave oven works by passing non-ionizing microwave radiation, usually at a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz (a wavelength of 12.24 centimetres), through the food. Microwave radiation is between common radio and infrared frequencies. Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.
2. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electromagnetic field of the microwaves. This molecular movement represents heat which is then dispersed as the rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion.
3. Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on fats and sugars (which have a smaller molecular dipole moment), and also more efficient than on frozen water (where the molecules are not free to rotate). Microwave heating is sometimes explained as a resonance of water molecules, but this is incorrect: such resonance only occurs in water vapor at much higher frequencies, at about 20 GHz.
4. A common misconception is that microwave ovens cook food from the "inside out". In reality, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of food in a manner somewhat similar to heat from other methods. The misconception arises because microwaves penetrate dry non-conductive substances at the surfaces of many common foods, and thus often induce initial heat more deeply than other methods. Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast to infrared or convection heating, which deposit heat thinly at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating better.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
Определите основную идею текста.
4 Заполните пропуск
The first principle of ecology is that each living organism has relationship with every other element that makes up its _______.
The first principle of ecology is that each living organism has relationship with every other element that makes up its _______.
5 Заполните пропуск
_______ is a group of populations of plants, animals, micro-organisms.
_______ is a group of populations of plants, animals, micro-organisms.
6 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение
Ecology helps environmentalists to express their aims and evaluate their goals and policies.
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение
Ecology helps environmentalists to express their aims and evaluate their goals and policies.
7 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение
Ecology states what is wrong and what must be done.
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение
Ecology states what is wrong and what must be done.
8 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Ecology focuses on the higher levels of life organization.
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Ecology focuses on the higher levels of life organization.
9 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение
Ecology studies could address endangered species.
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите, является ли утверждение
Ecology studies could address endangered species.
10 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация
Living organisms can be studied at different levels.
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация
Living organisms can be studied at different levels.
11 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация
Ecology is supported by many different sciences.
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация
Ecology is supported by many different sciences.
12 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Ответьте на вопрос
What does the environment of an organism include?
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Ответьте на вопрос
What does the environment of an organism include?
13 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите основную идею текста
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Определите основную идею текста
14 Заполните пропуск
The chemically unstable oxygen-rich _______ characterizes our planet.
The chemically unstable oxygen-rich _______ characterizes our planet.
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_______ can be defined as any situation where there is interaction between organisms and their environment.
_______ can be defined as any situation where there is interaction between organisms and their environment.