Иностранный язык – страница 80
Vernalization is the acquisition of a plant's ability to flower or _______ in the spring by exposure to low positive temperatures.
The functional basic unit of all known living organisms except for viruses which was discovered by Robert Hooke is the …
3 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
4 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
Deforestation is an undesirable process …
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
Deforestation is an undesirable process …
5 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What factors influence natural regeneration of forest stands in temperate climate?
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What factors influence natural regeneration of forest stands in temperate climate?
6 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Определите основную идею текста.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
Определите основную идею текста.
A cultivated variety of a plant that has been deliberately selected for specific desirable characteristics is …
Hydrophily is occurs in aquatic plants which release their _______ directly into the surrounding water.
9 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
10 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
For some countries planted forests are especially important for their social and cultural values conservation …
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
For some countries planted forests are especially important for their social and cultural values conservation …
11 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What forests can be referred to planted forests nowadays?
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What forests can be referred to planted forests nowadays?
12 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Определите основную идею текста.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Определите основную идею текста.
13 Заполните пропуск
A pleasant _______ is a strong indication of a friendly and open attitude and willingness to communicate.
A pleasant _______ is a strong indication of a friendly and open attitude and willingness to communicate.
14 Заполните пропуск
_______ are the collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable and proper or bad, undesirable and improper in a culture.
_______ are the collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable and proper or bad, undesirable and improper in a culture.
15 Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Mass communication
1. Mass communication may be defined simply as messages directed at masses, or great numbers, of people. There are features of mass communication, however, that help to set it apart from other communication. Mass communication messages are prepared by institutions or other groups of people. A local television evening news program, for example, involves the three or four people who are seen at the news desk, but it also involves many people who are never seen on camera—camera operators, engineers, business managers, and many others.
2. Mass communication is also directed to a relatively large and anonymous audience—“to whom it may concern.” The message must appeal to a large number of people, or those producing it will not remain in business. Finally, the source of the message is remote—separated from the audience by time or space. As a consequence, those being addressed do not feel the same need to pay careful attention as do those in the company of the message source. For example, television viewers generally feel free to talk to each other, leave the room to get a snack, change channels, or fall asleep.
3. The fact that mass communication is a business has important implications. The mass media are in competition with each other for sales dollars, advertising revenue, or both. With advances in technology the number of alternatives is increasing. People have a greater variety of communication products from which to choose. Cable television, videotapes, and pay television systems, for instance, offer an increasing number of options to television viewers.
4. As some people turn away from regular network and local-station programming, advertisers may be unwilling to pay the prices asked for advertising time. In the past, magazine publishers, film producers, and radio stations found it necessary to reach out for specific audiences. It has been suggested that the general mass audience is disappearing in favor of a number of smaller, more limited mass audiences.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Определите, является ли утверждение
Mass communication differs from other communications.
Mass communication
1. Mass communication may be defined simply as messages directed at masses, or great numbers, of people. There are features of mass communication, however, that help to set it apart from other communication. Mass communication messages are prepared by institutions or other groups of people. A local television evening news program, for example, involves the three or four people who are seen at the news desk, but it also involves many people who are never seen on camera—camera operators, engineers, business managers, and many others.
2. Mass communication is also directed to a relatively large and anonymous audience—“to whom it may concern.” The message must appeal to a large number of people, or those producing it will not remain in business. Finally, the source of the message is remote—separated from the audience by time or space. As a consequence, those being addressed do not feel the same need to pay careful attention as do those in the company of the message source. For example, television viewers generally feel free to talk to each other, leave the room to get a snack, change channels, or fall asleep.
3. The fact that mass communication is a business has important implications. The mass media are in competition with each other for sales dollars, advertising revenue, or both. With advances in technology the number of alternatives is increasing. People have a greater variety of communication products from which to choose. Cable television, videotapes, and pay television systems, for instance, offer an increasing number of options to television viewers.
4. As some people turn away from regular network and local-station programming, advertisers may be unwilling to pay the prices asked for advertising time. In the past, magazine publishers, film producers, and radio stations found it necessary to reach out for specific audiences. It has been suggested that the general mass audience is disappearing in favor of a number of smaller, more limited mass audiences.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Определите, является ли утверждение
Mass communication differs from other communications.