Иностранный язык (английский) – страница 48
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When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry 1_______ to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the 2_______ of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began 3_______ a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.
Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for 4_______ of later historic times.
When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry 1_______ to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the 2_______ of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began 3_______ a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.
Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for 4_______ of later historic times.
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Paul: Look! This is called a 1_______.
Helen: By the way, what 2_______ is it made of?
Paul: It is made of plastic.
Helen: Why is it made of 3_______?
Paul: Because plastic is a 4_______ material, it is lighter than steel. And it is the least expensive material. Therefore it is used for making rulers.
Paul: Look! This is called a 1_______.
Helen: By the way, what 2_______ is it made of?
Paul: It is made of plastic.
Helen: Why is it made of 3_______?
Paul: Because plastic is a 4_______ material, it is lighter than steel. And it is the least expensive material. Therefore it is used for making rulers.
Заполните пропуски в инструкции следующими словами:
1) Measure the 1_______ by mass.
2) 2_______ the aggregate.
3) Reduce the 3_______ time.
4) Wear a 4_______ or goggles when operating a grinding wheel.
1) Measure the 1_______ by mass.
2) 2_______ the aggregate.
3) Reduce the 3_______ time.
4) Wear a 4_______ or goggles when operating a grinding wheel.
Выберите слово, которое не относится к теме «Parts of a Building».
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One of the ancient human activities is building construction. It began with a purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Human shelters were constructed to adapt human beings to a wide variety of climates and become a global species. But temporary structures were used only a few days or months. Over time they were evolved into such a highly refined form as the igloo. After adventing agriculture, people began to stay in one place for long periods. That’s why more durable structures began to appear. The first human shelters were very simple. The first shelters were dwellings. But later they were used for other functions, such as food storage and ceremony. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value, marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.
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Over time temporary structures were evolved into …
One of the ancient human activities is building construction. It began with a purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Human shelters were constructed to adapt human beings to a wide variety of climates and become a global species. But temporary structures were used only a few days or months. Over time they were evolved into such a highly refined form as the igloo. After adventing agriculture, people began to stay in one place for long periods. That’s why more durable structures began to appear. The first human shelters were very simple. The first shelters were dwellings. But later they were used for other functions, such as food storage and ceremony. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value, marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.
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Over time temporary structures were evolved into …
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There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world.
The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.
The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high.
The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.
There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world.
The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.
The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high.
The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.
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When will nylon operate satisfactorily without lubrication?
A new material as nylon has been accepted. It is material for the manufacture of bearings and runners of all sizes in many types of machines, earth-moving equipment and agricultural machinery due to its fundamental characteristics of low friction and good wear resistance. Nylon is a very versatile material and is capable of overcoming a wide range of difficult problems. It will operate satisfactorily without lubrication in an abrasive atmosphere. One of its features is that nylon functions under water or is immersed in any other liquid. Being non-toxic nylon is frequently used in food machinery. Nylon gears usually do not require lubrication, they are shock-resistant, do not deform permanently and – running in train with metal gears – they outlast them.
When will nylon operate satisfactorily without lubrication?
A new material as nylon has been accepted. It is material for the manufacture of bearings and runners of all sizes in many types of machines, earth-moving equipment and agricultural machinery due to its fundamental characteristics of low friction and good wear resistance. Nylon is a very versatile material and is capable of overcoming a wide range of difficult problems. It will operate satisfactorily without lubrication in an abrasive atmosphere. One of its features is that nylon functions under water or is immersed in any other liquid. Being non-toxic nylon is frequently used in food machinery. Nylon gears usually do not require lubrication, they are shock-resistant, do not deform permanently and – running in train with metal gears – they outlast them.
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Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
Выберите слово, которое не относится к теме «Concrete».
Заполните пропуски в инструкции следующими словами:
1) No 1_______!
2) Measure the 2_______ by volume.
3) 3_______ from water.
4) Lay a 4_______ floor in this room.
1) No 1_______!
2) Measure the 2_______ by volume.
3) 3_______ from water.
4) Lay a 4_______ floor in this room.
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Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people. The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees, some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain; others settled in caves.
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Most of the time of a modern man is spent …
Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people. The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees, some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain; others settled in caves.
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Most of the time of a modern man is spent …
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Architecture is an 1_______. The triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a 2_______ art. The architect does not first plan a building from the point of view of convenience, then designs around his plan a strong 3_______ to shelter it, and finally adjusts and decorates the whole to make it pretty. It takes him a special type of imagination as well as long years of training and experience to produce a 4_______ capable of making the requisite in the light of these three factors – “use, construction, aesthetic effect” – simultaneously.
Architecture is an 1_______. The triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a 2_______ art. The architect does not first plan a building from the point of view of convenience, then designs around his plan a strong 3_______ to shelter it, and finally adjusts and decorates the whole to make it pretty. It takes him a special type of imagination as well as long years of training and experience to produce a 4_______ capable of making the requisite in the light of these three factors – “use, construction, aesthetic effect” – simultaneously.
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Architecture is the art which makes buildings beautiful to look at as well as useful. A man who designs buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. He has to think not only of what he wants the building to look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for. He must not forget the sort of material to be used in the building. This may be stone, brick, wood or steel and concrete.
Architecture is the art which makes buildings beautiful to look at as well as useful. A man who designs buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. He has to think not only of what he wants the building to look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for. He must not forget the sort of material to be used in the building. This may be stone, brick, wood or steel and concrete.
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In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple 1_______ for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in 2_______ – the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very 3_______ and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house 4_______ of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.
In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple 1_______ for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in 2_______ – the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very 3_______ and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house 4_______ of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.
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In the country ordinary people lived in a simple one-storey cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age.
The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.
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The earliest houses of ancient Egypt were …
In the country ordinary people lived in a simple one-storey cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age.
The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.
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The earliest houses of ancient Egypt were …
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Practically all building materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That’s why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick.
Practically all building materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That’s why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick.
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Boxes – that’s what a good deal of modern architecture reminds me of. 1_______. A man who lives in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.
I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big boxes. 2_______. An architect today has to be an engineer too. 3_______. They save plenty of unnecessary work. 4_______.
Boxes – that’s what a good deal of modern architecture reminds me of. 1_______. A man who lives in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.
I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big boxes. 2_______. An architect today has to be an engineer too. 3_______. They save plenty of unnecessary work. 4_______.
Выберите слово, которое не относится к теме «Metals».
Заполните пропуски в инструкции следующими словами:
1) Don’t stand under the 1_______!
2) No passage. 2_______!
3) 3_______ the signal to lift the load!
4) Place the 4_______ for loading.
1) Don’t stand under the 1_______!
2) No passage. 2_______!
3) 3_______ the signal to lift the load!
4) Place the 4_______ for loading.
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Where did Frank Lloyd Wright design the Imperial Hotel?
I know a lot of interesting work has been done in Scandinavia, and, of course, I’ve read about the work of Le Corbusier in France and I’d like to see what American architects are doing now. You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.
Where did Frank Lloyd Wright design the Imperial Hotel?
I know a lot of interesting work has been done in Scandinavia, and, of course, I’ve read about the work of Le Corbusier in France and I’d like to see what American architects are doing now. You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.
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Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture – “convenience, strength and beauty”. The sequence of these three basic aims – “convenience, strength and beauty” – has its own significance. These three factors are always present and are always interrelated in the best structures. It is impossible for a true architect to think of one of them without considering the other two as well.
Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture – “convenience, strength and beauty”. The sequence of these three basic aims – “convenience, strength and beauty” – has its own significance. These three factors are always present and are always interrelated in the best structures. It is impossible for a true architect to think of one of them without considering the other two as well.
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1_______. Early man probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. 2_______. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. 3_______. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. 4_______. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails.
1_______. Early man probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. 2_______. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. 3_______. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. 4_______. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails.
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What did Greek houses have in the middle?
Greek houses had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.
In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.
The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.
What did Greek houses have in the middle?
Greek houses had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.
In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it.
The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.
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In constructing of a building, it is possible to cast the floors and walls as well as the framework directly on the spot where they are to stand. Building forms a monolith. Last one is a large artificial stone composed entirely of concrete that has been shaped within wooden molds fitted together perfectly. To cast all parts in place, a builder has to use many forms. They are removed as soon as the concrete has set. Before beginning another work, concrete must be given plenty of time to harden. In order to save time, a builder may prefer to use a number of standardized concrete units. Individual members can be pressed. Also different sections of the building can be prefabricated.
In constructing of a building, it is possible to cast the floors and walls as well as the framework directly on the spot where they are to stand. Building forms a monolith. Last one is a large artificial stone composed entirely of concrete that has been shaped within wooden molds fitted together perfectly. To cast all parts in place, a builder has to use many forms. They are removed as soon as the concrete has set. Before beginning another work, concrete must be given plenty of time to harden. In order to save time, a builder may prefer to use a number of standardized concrete units. Individual members can be pressed. Also different sections of the building can be prefabricated.
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First of all, the value of true architecture lies in the direct effect of the structure itself. It depends on many reasons. One of them is a drawing. Drawings are works of architecture. An architect uses drawings to achieve his objective. In fact, drawings can represent buildings only on paper. It is called “paper architecture”. We mean the result of architect’s thinking of drawings. But, there is a danger of “paper architecture”. The architect mustn’t forget that many elements which look well on a drawing may be either completely ineffective or definitely harmful in the actual building.
First of all, the value of true architecture lies in the direct effect of the structure itself. It depends on many reasons. One of them is a drawing. Drawings are works of architecture. An architect uses drawings to achieve his objective. In fact, drawings can represent buildings only on paper. It is called “paper architecture”. We mean the result of architect’s thinking of drawings. But, there is a danger of “paper architecture”. The architect mustn’t forget that many elements which look well on a drawing may be either completely ineffective or definitely harmful in the actual building.
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Paul: Look. There is a box of nuts and 1_______. They are made of steel.
Julia: And that wire is made of copper, isn’t it?
Michael: Yes, it is. What about this 2_______? Is it made of copper too?
Paul: No, it is not. It is made of 3_______ and steel. The handle is made of wood and the head is made of steel.
Julia: Michael, give me that beaker, please.
Michael: Be careful, Julia. Don’t drop it. It is made of 4_______. Put it here on this shelf.
Paul: Look. There is a box of nuts and 1_______. They are made of steel.
Julia: And that wire is made of copper, isn’t it?
Michael: Yes, it is. What about this 2_______? Is it made of copper too?
Paul: No, it is not. It is made of 3_______ and steel. The handle is made of wood and the head is made of steel.
Julia: Michael, give me that beaker, please.
Michael: Be careful, Julia. Don’t drop it. It is made of 4_______. Put it here on this shelf.
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Teacher: I say, Paul. What is there on the table?
Paul: There is a 1_______ there.
Teacher: What is it called, Paul?
Paul: To my mind, it is called a 2_______.
Teacher: Yes, right you are. And what is a manometer?
Paul: I believe it’s an instrument for 3_______ pressure, isn’t it?
Teacher: Yes, that’s right. Look, it has a 4_______ and a pointer.
Paul: Well, I see.
Teacher: I say, Paul. What is there on the table?
Paul: There is a 1_______ there.
Teacher: What is it called, Paul?
Paul: To my mind, it is called a 2_______.
Teacher: Yes, right you are. And what is a manometer?
Paul: I believe it’s an instrument for 3_______ pressure, isn’t it?
Teacher: Yes, that’s right. Look, it has a 4_______ and a pointer.
Paul: Well, I see.