Иностранный язык (английский) – страница 47
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Recently using of plastics in industrial application has grown. This growth has been due to their exceptional in-built qualities. Metal and timber often are more difficult to fabricate than plastics materials. Gears made of plastics produce less noise and vibrations than metal gears. We can say about an improvement of older materials for many purposes. New fields, which were not previously possible, have opened up.
Recently using of plastics in industrial application has grown. This growth has been due to their exceptional in-built qualities. Metal and timber often are more difficult to fabricate than plastics materials. Gears made of plastics produce less noise and vibrations than metal gears. We can say about an improvement of older materials for many purposes. New fields, which were not previously possible, have opened up.
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Nowadays a building’s framework is made of reinforced concrete and of structural steel. Concrete is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement and water. The coarse stones used in the mix give the concrete its strength. The sand is needed to fill the gaps between the stones. The cement, mixed with just enough water to make it into a paste, covers the surface of all solids, and binds the entire mixture into single mass. It is used less water to make mixing concrete denser and stronger. It is a difficulty here. Dry mixing concrete is not so easy to stir as one that is fairly wet and sloppy. When it is really strong concrete, it is mixed with the necessary minimum of water and placed in the forms. After this it is vibrated with electrically vibrated bars. The mixture is tipped or piped into forms (wooden mold) of the shape required.
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The sand is needed …
Nowadays a building’s framework is made of reinforced concrete and of structural steel. Concrete is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement and water. The coarse stones used in the mix give the concrete its strength. The sand is needed to fill the gaps between the stones. The cement, mixed with just enough water to make it into a paste, covers the surface of all solids, and binds the entire mixture into single mass. It is used less water to make mixing concrete denser and stronger. It is a difficulty here. Dry mixing concrete is not so easy to stir as one that is fairly wet and sloppy. When it is really strong concrete, it is mixed with the necessary minimum of water and placed in the forms. After this it is vibrated with electrically vibrated bars. The mixture is tipped or piped into forms (wooden mold) of the shape required.
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The sand is needed …
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We can not ignore the heritage of the past. There are different 1_______ and kinds of architecture in the past around the world. It is not a secret, that various cultures have left their imprint on history through their great 2_______ and buildings, great castles and cathedrals. The oldest monuments which are met within 3_______ are great structures such as Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Athens, the Roman Pantheon, and Hagia Sophia in the “New Rome”, Constantinople, great castles and cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the palaces of the Renaissance and the civil engineering infrastructure of the industrial revolution. Great architects and engineers followed an integrated 4_______ of conception, design and construction.
We can not ignore the heritage of the past. There are different 1_______ and kinds of architecture in the past around the world. It is not a secret, that various cultures have left their imprint on history through their great 2_______ and buildings, great castles and cathedrals. The oldest monuments which are met within 3_______ are great structures such as Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Athens, the Roman Pantheon, and Hagia Sophia in the “New Rome”, Constantinople, great castles and cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the palaces of the Renaissance and the civil engineering infrastructure of the industrial revolution. Great architects and engineers followed an integrated 4_______ of conception, design and construction.
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New developments of architects are known today. 1_______. Young architects from the architectural department of the Rhode Island School of Design have designed tomorrow’s houses. 2_______. The system is based on cast plastic bubbles linked together. It permits the creation of almost any size and shape of such a house. 3_______. This house has features associating more and more with modern living. 4_______. At the same time it also tends to add outdoor space to the indoors and increases the feeling of speciousness.
New developments of architects are known today. 1_______. Young architects from the architectural department of the Rhode Island School of Design have designed tomorrow’s houses. 2_______. The system is based on cast plastic bubbles linked together. It permits the creation of almost any size and shape of such a house. 3_______. This house has features associating more and more with modern living. 4_______. At the same time it also tends to add outdoor space to the indoors and increases the feeling of speciousness.
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What has mankind always realized?
Mankind has always realized that buildings to be complete must have not only “convenience” and “strength”, but also “beauty”. Some people think that architecture is not a fine art at all. For such people the world of fine arts is something entirely set apart from ordinary living and that its single purpose should be satisfying of physical necessities. At the same time architecture is a matter of pictures or sculpture, poems or music. The architect has the task of being an artist as well as an inventive engineer.
What has mankind always realized?
Mankind has always realized that buildings to be complete must have not only “convenience” and “strength”, but also “beauty”. Some people think that architecture is not a fine art at all. For such people the world of fine arts is something entirely set apart from ordinary living and that its single purpose should be satisfying of physical necessities. At the same time architecture is a matter of pictures or sculpture, poems or music. The architect has the task of being an artist as well as an inventive engineer.
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You ask what I think of modern architecture. I don’t know very much about modern architecture in Europe, but styles are probably similar in most countries today. I think this is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flats and offices. If they are asked to make plans for houses, these are usually all alike or nearly alike.
You ask what I think of modern architecture. I don’t know very much about modern architecture in Europe, but styles are probably similar in most countries today. I think this is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flats and offices. If they are asked to make plans for houses, these are usually all alike or nearly alike.
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A: What’s this?
B: This is a room.
A: Is it 1_______?
B: No, it is rectangular.
A: How 2_______is it?
B: It’s 3 m wide.
A: What is the length of the room?
B: It is 6 m 3_______.
A: How high is the room?
B: It is 2 m high.
A: So, the 4________ of the room is approximately 36 m2.
A: What’s this?
B: This is a room.
A: Is it 1_______?
B: No, it is rectangular.
A: How 2_______is it?
B: It’s 3 m wide.
A: What is the length of the room?
B: It is 6 m 3_______.
A: How high is the room?
B: It is 2 m high.
A: So, the 4________ of the room is approximately 36 m2.
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1) Saw the 1_______ with a disc saw, please.
2) Lay the parquet floor only after all preparatory 2_______ has been done.
3) No 3_______ turn!
4) 4_______ a helmet when working with overhead loads.
1) Saw the 1_______ with a disc saw, please.
2) Lay the parquet floor only after all preparatory 2_______ has been done.
3) No 3_______ turn!
4) 4_______ a helmet when working with overhead loads.
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When did iron and steel become widely used as alternatives to wood?
Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.
When did iron and steel become widely used as alternatives to wood?
Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.
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In ancient Russia 1_______ flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the 2_______ of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong 3_______ with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as 4_______ against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.
In ancient Russia 1_______ flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the 2_______ of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong 3_______ with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as 4_______ against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.
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Cement is the most important component of concrete. 1_______. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of “crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar”. A mortar is a mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water. 2_______. The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material. This may be done whether the proportions are based upon volumes or weights. 3_______. It is also widely used in large building constructions. 4_______.
Cement is the most important component of concrete. 1_______. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of “crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar”. A mortar is a mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water. 2_______. The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material. This may be done whether the proportions are based upon volumes or weights. 3_______. It is also widely used in large building constructions. 4_______.
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Building materials are very important in the construction. But it is more important for any designer to select and adapt such building materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of constructions many factors must be considered by the civil engineer. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.
Building materials are very important in the construction. But it is more important for any designer to select and adapt such building materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of constructions many factors must be considered by the civil engineer. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.
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Architects have done some very good work in designing new schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used. The parts are taken to a site and put together there. Children who attend the best of these new schools are very happy. Their classrooms are light and big, and they have a fine large assembly hall. The children have dinner at school, and there is a dining-hall completed with modern kitchen.
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The parts are taken to a site and …
Architects have done some very good work in designing new schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used. The parts are taken to a site and put together there. Children who attend the best of these new schools are very happy. Their classrooms are light and big, and they have a fine large assembly hall. The children have dinner at school, and there is a dining-hall completed with modern kitchen.
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The parts are taken to a site and …
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1_______. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. 2_______. First of all it cuts the labour needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. 3_______. All this makes the building process less expensive and much less labourous.
4_______.
1_______. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. 2_______. First of all it cuts the labour needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. 3_______. All this makes the building process less expensive and much less labourous.
4_______.