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After crops have begun to grow, a cultivator is used to destroy weeds and loosen and aerate the soil. A flame weeder, which produces a hot-air blast, can be used to destroy weeds growing around crops, such as cotton, that have stems of tough bark. The weeds are vulnerable to the hot air, but the tough stems protect the crops from damage. Chemical herbicides applied in the form of a spray or as granules are used extensively for weed control.
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After crops have begun to grow, a cultivator is used to destroy weeds and loosen and aerate …

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What are the main fruits grown in Washington?
In Oregon and Washington, the Cascade mountains divide the states into two different farming zones. In the dry eastern zone, wheat is grown, and cattle is raised. West of the Cascade Mountains, in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, for example, regular rainfall and a mild climate allow good yields of such crops as beans, pears, onions, and corn. In Washington, cherries and apples are major fruits. Both states are among the most important sources of timber in the United States.

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In many parts of the United States distances are so great that automobiles are necessities, not luxuries. Most American farmers do not live in villages but are sometimes kilometers from their nearest neighbor and even hundreds of kilometers from a town. Large-scale farming is common in the United States everywhere, but it did not become profitable until there were trucks and tractors. Trucks carry the farmers’ grain to storage elevators, milk to creameries and vegetable to market. Trucks and cars go wherever there is a road and the more than 6 million kilometers of roads in the country bring every farm into the circle of civilization.

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California is the country’s leading grower of fruits and vegetables. Much of California’s farming is done in the Central Valley. The ¹_______ in the valley produce cattle, ²_______, cotton, grapes, tomatoes, and citrus fruits.
Due to its location on the ocean, the region has important fisheries. California holds the first place in the country for its catch. The most important ³_______ caught are anchovy, tuna, and mackerel. ⁴_______ and Washington are the main suppliers of salmon and halibut. Fishing in Hawaii is mainly for sport and recreation.

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¹_______. But the production is concentrated mainly in New South Wales and Western Australia. ²_______.
Australian farms grow potatoes, oats, barley, sugar cane, cotton, maize and rice, fruits, hops and tobacco. ³_______. Cotton is an important crop in parts of New South Wales. Tobacco is grown in Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia. South Australia produces most of the country’s oranges and grapes to make wine.
Tasmania is an important fruit-producing area (apples, peaches). It is also noted for growing hops used in brewery. ⁴_______.

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Engineer: Today you are ¹_______ where clothing materials, such as manmade fibers, are made.
Pupil: For how long have manmade fibers been used for clothing?
Engineer: ²_______ have been used to make clothing for only a little over a century, but their use is quite widespread nowadays. Rayon, the first manmade fiber commercially produced in the United States, appeared in 1910. In 1939, nylon, the first chemically synthesized fiber, was first produced in this country on a commercial basis. Since that time, the number of manmade fibers has expanded to include more than twenty types.
Pupil: Why does your factory continue to produce rayon?
Engineer: Although the list of manmade clothing fiber is long, ³_______ remains one of the most popular of all time, and that is why we continue to produce it in such great quantities here.
Pupil: And what is rayon made of?
Engineer: Rayon is made of cellulose, a naturally occurring substance found in cotton and in certain vegetables, like celery, of all things. The cellulose in rayon has been recycle and treated to make it a usable fiber for clothing.
Pupil: ⁴_______, isn’t it?
Engineer: Yes, it is. One of the reasons rayon is so popular for clothing is that it is soft and comfortable to wear. Most rayon washes well, too, although it does shrink when it is washed in hot water.
Pupil: Is there any problem with rayon?
Engineer: The biggest problem with rayon is that it tends to fade in sunlight. It wouldn’t be a good idea to leave a red rayon dress to dry in a sunny window. If you did that for very long, you might come back to a pink dress. And now I’d like to show you our rayon production room.

Заполните пропуски в письме следующими фразами и предложениями:
¹_______,
Messrs. Hankinson and Co. of Towgate St., with whom we have been doing business for a number of years, have informed us that you will probably be replenishing your stocks of French white wines in the near future.
You will already know that we had an exceptionally good season in 1973, and that the fine quality of our white vintages of that year is renowned both in your country and in ours.
We are now shipping these wines, and ²_______. Our full export price-list is enclosed, but we would like to draw your attention particularly to our
White Bordeaux @ £60.00 per gross bottles, and
Sauterne @ £70.00 „ „ „
These wines have always sold very well in Britain, and the prices quoted above for bulk purchase will enable you to sell at highly competitive prices, while obtaining a good margin of profit.
We will be pleased to supply you with a first order against settlement within 30 days of date of invoice, and with 2.5% discount. Immediate shipment from Bordeaux is guaranteed.
³_______ to place your order promptly, since we expect considerable response from other foreign customers to this special offer.
⁴_______,
D. Smith

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¹_______. Pig production occurs in most areas but is particularly important in northern and eastern England. ²_______. ³_______. Britain remains self-sufficient in both. ⁴_______. However the loss is outweighed by the increase in output from what remains due to the introduction of up-to-date technology and fertilizers.

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Agricultural machines are used to till soil and to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops. Since ancient times, when cultures first began cultivating plants, people have used tools to help them grow and harvest crops. They used pointed tools to dig and keep soil loosened, and sharp, knife-like objects to harvest ripened crops. Modifications of these early implements led to the development of small hand tools that are still used in gardening, such as the spade, hoe, rake and trowel, and larger implements, such as ploughs and larger rakes that are drawn by humans, animals, or simple machines.

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Agriculture in the United States ¹_______ over the last 200 years. At the time of the American Revolution (1775-83), 95 percent of the population was engaged in farming. Today that figure is less than 2 percent. Although individuals or families own 85 percent of all farms in the United States, they own only 64 percent of the ²_______. The remainder is owned by corporations, large and small, and farming and its related industries have become ³_______ business – «agribusiness». Yet for all the changes, ⁴_______ is a constant in American life, and the food produced is safe, abundant, and affordable.

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What species of fish are caught in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean?
The Northeast is well-known all over the United States for its fishing industry. This is quite natural because of the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The Northeast has rich fishing areas along the Atlantic coast. The fishing industry developed rapidly here to compensate the rocky land and the poor soils. Today, large numbers of flounder, cod, herring, halibut and other fish are caught. The fishing rules are very strict, and the government takes very severe measures against those who do not observe the fishing regulations. This explains why it is possible to achieve good catches of fish, and at the same time preserve the fishing grounds with the necessary supply of fish. The fish are caught, processed and shipped both overseas and to other areas of the United States. The fish market in New York is famous not only in the United States, but all over the world both for the amount of fish sold and the different types of fish which satisfy the tastes of any buyer.

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Do you like tomatoes? Although people generally think of and use the tomato as a vegetable, in fact it is not one. It’s a fruit.
People in Central America have been eating tomatoes for many thousands of years. However, it was not until the Spanish arrived in Mexico in the early 1500s that tomatoes came to Europe. Before that, no one in Europe had ever seen a tomato! When tomatoes first appeared in Italy and Britain, many people were scared. Tomatoes were thought by many people to be poisonous. They refused to eat them and grew tomatoes only as plants for decoration. Since then, the tomato has become extremely popular. Can you imagine what food today would be like without it?
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Since then, the tomato has become extremely …

Заполните пропуски в письме следующими фразами и предложениями:
¹_______,
²_______:
2 horizontal drilling machines,
to be supplied to your own specification.
As we mentioned in our previous letter, delivery for machines made to supplied specifications is not normally possible in less than 3 months, but we should like to help you and are giving your order priority. You may be sure that ³_______.
We will advise you when your order is ready for collection and shall be pleased to assist you to the best of our ability at all times.
Yours faithfully,
⁴_______

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Simon: I’ve been living in this country for more than seven years, but I don’t yet understand why there is so much talk about nutrition as a growing science.
Tom (his American friend): Americans want to be healthy. But most of us have no understanding of ¹_______.
Simon: Whenever I see my family doctor, he advises me to stick to a low cholesterol diet.
Tom: And do you follow his advice?
Simon: It’s hard to stick to a diet with my busy schedule.
Tom: For your health, it is very important to get ²_______.
Simon: What is a balanced diet?
Tom: Adults can get a balanced diet by including foods from the four main food groups. These are: ³_______ (milk, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy foods); the meat group (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and meat alternates such as beans, lentils, and nuts); the bread group (bread, cereals, noodles etc.); and the vegetable and fruit group.
Simon: ⁴_______?
Tom: Absolutely. By eating enough dairy foods and meat alternates, people can get essential proteins.
Simon: What about the nutritional value of canned vegetables that we buy at the supermarket?
Tom: The nutritional difference depends more on how vegetables are prepared than on whether they are bought fresh or canned.
Simon: I wonder how knowledgeable you are. You could become a professional dietitian.
Tom: It’s just my hobby to read about food and health.
Simon: I was told to avoid such foods as bread or potatoes. What’s your view?
Tom: By avoiding bread and potatoes you cut out several B vitamins, vitamin C and other nutrients.
Simon: Are extra vitamin dosages useful?
Tom: You shouldn’t take more vitamins than the body needs.
Simon: Thank you for your valuable information.