Иностранный язык (английский) – страница 38
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Professor Moriarty and two 1________ had recently robbed a post office. As Moriarty counted out the money, his accomplices, Fingers Malloy and Scarface Jackson, looked on 2_______.
“Right,” announced Moriarty finally. “It comes to a total of £1150, and as I’m the brains behind the operation my 3_______ will be the highest. I will take £38 more than you, Fingers. And as you were the 4_______, Scarface… Fingers will get £34 more than you.”
Fingers and Scarface put up no argument; they simply looked on disapprovingly as Moriarty counted out each man’s share.
HOW MUCH DID EACH OF THEM RECEIVE?
Moriarty £420
Fingers £382
Scarface £348.
Professor Moriarty and two 1________ had recently robbed a post office. As Moriarty counted out the money, his accomplices, Fingers Malloy and Scarface Jackson, looked on 2_______.
“Right,” announced Moriarty finally. “It comes to a total of £1150, and as I’m the brains behind the operation my 3_______ will be the highest. I will take £38 more than you, Fingers. And as you were the 4_______, Scarface… Fingers will get £34 more than you.”
Fingers and Scarface put up no argument; they simply looked on disapprovingly as Moriarty counted out each man’s share.
HOW MUCH DID EACH OF THEM RECEIVE?
Moriarty £420
Fingers £382
Scarface £348.
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1_______. Actually the word law is very difficult to define. There is a field of law that is known as “jurisprudence”, which analyzes the concept of law and is concerned with the philosophy of law. 2_______.
In considering the numerous definitions of law and philosophy of law it must be recognized that one of the roles of law is to maintain order and that this is the function of the criminal laws. 3_______. Between these two extremes of what might be called law and order on the one hand and settlement of disputes on the other, there are many situations that cannot be so clearly defined. 4_______. If he fails to do so, or if he fails to declare all his income or takes improper deductions, he may be subjected to penalties, but he has also failed to live up to his obligations to society. In any event it is important that one bear in mind that the law is not simply a statement of rules of conduct but is also the means whereby remedies are afforded when one person has wronged another.
1_______. Actually the word law is very difficult to define. There is a field of law that is known as “jurisprudence”, which analyzes the concept of law and is concerned with the philosophy of law. 2_______.
In considering the numerous definitions of law and philosophy of law it must be recognized that one of the roles of law is to maintain order and that this is the function of the criminal laws. 3_______. Between these two extremes of what might be called law and order on the one hand and settlement of disputes on the other, there are many situations that cannot be so clearly defined. 4_______. If he fails to do so, or if he fails to declare all his income or takes improper deductions, he may be subjected to penalties, but he has also failed to live up to his obligations to society. In any event it is important that one bear in mind that the law is not simply a statement of rules of conduct but is also the means whereby remedies are afforded when one person has wronged another.
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What is the speed limit on motorway?
Motorist Driving at 120 mph
Motorist Jeremy Page had to pay a fine of £330 at Durham Magistrates’ Court yesterday for speeding. Police stopped him on the motorway. The speed limit on motorways is 70 miles an hour. ‘This was because I was late for work.’ The judge said that this was not excuse.
What is the speed limit on motorway?
Motorist Driving at 120 mph
Motorist Jeremy Page had to pay a fine of £330 at Durham Magistrates’ Court yesterday for speeding. Police stopped him on the motorway. The speed limit on motorways is 70 miles an hour. ‘This was because I was late for work.’ The judge said that this was not excuse.
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Crime violates the laws of community, state or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these laws. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most countries consider as crimes such offences as arson, bigamy, burglary, forgery, murder, and treason.
Not all offences against the law are crimes. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the criminal law. This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the community. On the other hand, a person may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the civil law. The common law recognizes three classes of crime: treason, felony, and misdemenour. Death or life imprisonment is the usual penalty for treason. Laws in the USA, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a term of one year or more in a state or federal prison. A person who commits a misdemenour may be punished by a fine or a jail term of less one year.
Crime violates the laws of community, state or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these laws. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most countries consider as crimes such offences as arson, bigamy, burglary, forgery, murder, and treason.
Not all offences against the law are crimes. The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the criminal law. This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the community. On the other hand, a person may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the civil law. The common law recognizes three classes of crime: treason, felony, and misdemenour. Death or life imprisonment is the usual penalty for treason. Laws in the USA, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a term of one year or more in a state or federal prison. A person who commits a misdemenour may be punished by a fine or a jail term of less one year.
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Barristers have to attend one of the four Inns of Court in London. These ancient institutions are modeled somewhat on Oxbridge colleges. For example, although there are some lectures, the only attendance requirement is to eat dinner there on a certain number of evenings each term. After four years, the trainee barristers then sit exams. If they pass, they are “called to the bar” and are recognized as barristers. However, they are still not allowed to present a case in a crown court. They can only do this after several more years of association with a senior barrister, after which the most able of them apply to “take silk”. Those whose applications are accepted can put the letters QC (Queen’s Counsel) after their names.
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Inns of Court in London are modeled somewhat on …
Barristers have to attend one of the four Inns of Court in London. These ancient institutions are modeled somewhat on Oxbridge colleges. For example, although there are some lectures, the only attendance requirement is to eat dinner there on a certain number of evenings each term. After four years, the trainee barristers then sit exams. If they pass, they are “called to the bar” and are recognized as barristers. However, they are still not allowed to present a case in a crown court. They can only do this after several more years of association with a senior barrister, after which the most able of them apply to “take silk”. Those whose applications are accepted can put the letters QC (Queen’s Counsel) after their names.
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Inns of Court in London are modeled somewhat on …
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Sherlock Holmes sat in a dimly lit bar, 1_______ four well known 2_______ who were sitting around a square table. The four were known as Don, Archie, Clive and Bill. One was a swindler, one a bank 3_______, a third a pickpocket and the fourth a forger. The person who sat across from Archie was the forger. The person on Bill’s left was the pickpocket. The swindler was to the right of the forger. The bank robber sat opposite Don. WHO WAS THE 4_______? Don was the swindler.
Sherlock Holmes sat in a dimly lit bar, 1_______ four well known 2_______ who were sitting around a square table. The four were known as Don, Archie, Clive and Bill. One was a swindler, one a bank 3_______, a third a pickpocket and the fourth a forger. The person who sat across from Archie was the forger. The person on Bill’s left was the pickpocket. The swindler was to the right of the forger. The bank robber sat opposite Don. WHO WAS THE 4_______? Don was the swindler.
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Society has only recently addressed the problems of crimes made possible by the computer revolution.
One problem involves the stealing of valuable information from other persons’ computers. Recall that larceny is “the wrongful taking of the property of others”. This traditional definition of the crime made it difficult to prosecute those who steal computer data for two reasons. First, many courts concluded that there was not a “taking” if an intruder merely copied the information in the computer. Second, even if an intruder copied and erased computer information, some courts concluded that there was no taking of “personal property” but only the loss of electrical impulses, which no one really owns.
Society has only recently addressed the problems of crimes made possible by the computer revolution.
One problem involves the stealing of valuable information from other persons’ computers. Recall that larceny is “the wrongful taking of the property of others”. This traditional definition of the crime made it difficult to prosecute those who steal computer data for two reasons. First, many courts concluded that there was not a “taking” if an intruder merely copied the information in the computer. Second, even if an intruder copied and erased computer information, some courts concluded that there was no taking of “personal property” but only the loss of electrical impulses, which no one really owns.
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Why was Hugh Boggs worried all day?
Hugh Boggs was worried all day. In the morning he received a letter from the police. They asked him to call at the station. Hugh couldn’t understand why the police wanted him. He didn’t do anything wrong. It was perhaps a mistake.
At the police station a policeman told him that his bicycle had been found. It was picked up in the hills in Wales about a hundred miles away. His name and address were written on the wheel.
The bicycle was sent to his home by train. Hugh was very much surprised when he heard the news. He was amused, too, because it was his old broken bicycle he had left behind last summer when returning to town after his holidays. Now when he receives his bicycle, he will have to think how to get rid of it again.
Why was Hugh Boggs worried all day?
Hugh Boggs was worried all day. In the morning he received a letter from the police. They asked him to call at the station. Hugh couldn’t understand why the police wanted him. He didn’t do anything wrong. It was perhaps a mistake.
At the police station a policeman told him that his bicycle had been found. It was picked up in the hills in Wales about a hundred miles away. His name and address were written on the wheel.
The bicycle was sent to his home by train. Hugh was very much surprised when he heard the news. He was amused, too, because it was his old broken bicycle he had left behind last summer when returning to town after his holidays. Now when he receives his bicycle, he will have to think how to get rid of it again.
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Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor, or a judge. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client’s case. In general, it can be said that barrister spends more of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents.
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Barristers are employed by …
Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor, or a judge. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client’s case. In general, it can be said that barrister spends more of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents.
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Barristers are employed by …
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In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions – federal and state – and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitutional provisions. 1_______. Also included under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land. 2_______. It is nor proper to call this “unwritten” law because it is in fact in writing. 3_______. When a court decides a case, particularly upon an appeal from a lower-court decision, the court writes an opinion setting forth among other things the reasons for its decision. From these written opinions rules of law can be deduced, and these make up the body of what is called case law or common law. 4_______.
In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions – federal and state – and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitutional provisions. 1_______. Also included under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land. 2_______. It is nor proper to call this “unwritten” law because it is in fact in writing. 3_______. When a court decides a case, particularly upon an appeal from a lower-court decision, the court writes an opinion setting forth among other things the reasons for its decision. From these written opinions rules of law can be deduced, and these make up the body of what is called case law or common law. 4_______.
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6th October, 2000
1_______,
Our order nos. 6531, 6687, 6866 and 6892
2_______.
Each of the four orders listed above has arrived later than the date stipulated, and order no. 6892 was delayed by almost a month, with the result that we have had to reduce production by some 5 per cent.
We cannot possibly allow this situation to continue, and are sorry to have to tell you that unless you can guarantee to deliver supplies by the dates specified in future orders, we will be forced to look for another supplier.
3_______.
Yours faithfully,
4_______
6th October, 2000
1_______,
Our order nos. 6531, 6687, 6866 and 6892
2_______.
Each of the four orders listed above has arrived later than the date stipulated, and order no. 6892 was delayed by almost a month, with the result that we have had to reduce production by some 5 per cent.
We cannot possibly allow this situation to continue, and are sorry to have to tell you that unless you can guarantee to deliver supplies by the dates specified in future orders, we will be forced to look for another supplier.
3_______.
Yours faithfully,
4_______
Дополните диалог:
Michael: 1_______. My name is Pike.
Receptionist: Good morning. 2_______?
Michael: Yes, I have an appointment with Mr. Kingslake.
Receptionist: What time is your appointment?
Michael: It is ten thirty.
Receptionist: 3_______. I’ll check if Mr. Kingslake is available. …Everything is OK. Mr. Kingslake’s secretary is coming down to take you to the office.
Michael: Thank you.
Secretary: Mr. Pike? Good morning. Mr. Kingslake is expecting you. Follow me please. This way …Here is the escalator. We are going to the second floor. …Go in please.
Michael: 4_______.
Michael: 1_______. My name is Pike.
Receptionist: Good morning. 2_______?
Michael: Yes, I have an appointment with Mr. Kingslake.
Receptionist: What time is your appointment?
Michael: It is ten thirty.
Receptionist: 3_______. I’ll check if Mr. Kingslake is available. …Everything is OK. Mr. Kingslake’s secretary is coming down to take you to the office.
Michael: Thank you.
Secretary: Mr. Pike? Good morning. Mr. Kingslake is expecting you. Follow me please. This way …Here is the escalator. We are going to the second floor. …Go in please.
Michael: 4_______.
Дополните диалог:
A: I have some problems and have to consult a lawyer. Can you tell me where to find a good attorney?
B: Attorney? You see, here, in London, we have solicitors or barristers.
A: 1_______. In America counseling and advocacy in lawcourt is performed by attorneys.
B: What is your problem? 2_______?
A: Yes, rather. I think of bringing the action to court. 3_______, I’d like to find a good barrister.
B: We’d better visit my solicitor first. He will have an interview with you, look into the matter and then introduce you to a barrister, if necessary.
A: Of course it will be necessary!
B: Is it a criminal case?
A: 4_______?
B: Because barristers speak in higher courts. Solicitors can speak for their clients in lower courts. Minor civil cases are decided in lower courts.
A: I see. Then we’d better make arrangements with your solicitor as soon as possible.
A: I have some problems and have to consult a lawyer. Can you tell me where to find a good attorney?
B: Attorney? You see, here, in London, we have solicitors or barristers.
A: 1_______. In America counseling and advocacy in lawcourt is performed by attorneys.
B: What is your problem? 2_______?
A: Yes, rather. I think of bringing the action to court. 3_______, I’d like to find a good barrister.
B: We’d better visit my solicitor first. He will have an interview with you, look into the matter and then introduce you to a barrister, if necessary.
A: Of course it will be necessary!
B: Is it a criminal case?
A: 4_______?
B: Because barristers speak in higher courts. Solicitors can speak for their clients in lower courts. Minor civil cases are decided in lower courts.
A: I see. Then we’d better make arrangements with your solicitor as soon as possible.
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17th September, 2002
1_______,
Our order no. VF449766 of 4Ju1y 2002
2_______.
However, we have to point out that these articles were ordered subject to their arriving here by the end of August. Since they did not reach us until 14 September, we have been hard pressed to meet our commitments to our own customers.
3_______. We must, therefore, insist that you observe delivery deadlines for future orders.
4_______,
Mark Thomas
17th September, 2002
1_______,
Our order no. VF449766 of 4Ju1y 2002
2_______.
However, we have to point out that these articles were ordered subject to their arriving here by the end of August. Since they did not reach us until 14 September, we have been hard pressed to meet our commitments to our own customers.
3_______. We must, therefore, insist that you observe delivery deadlines for future orders.
4_______,
Mark Thomas